Humanin
Other names:formyl humanin,Protein Humanin (human),RNR2, mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA, MTRNR2
Humanin is a secreted mitochondrial-encoded peptide, a micropeptide encoded by the 16SRNA gene MT-RNA2 in the mitochondrial genome. It can prevent the loss of synapses in hippocampal neurons and has neuroprotective effects. Humanin is located in a variety of tissues with high metabolic rates, and its expression decreases with age. Humanin analogs have been proposed as treatments for degenerative diseases.
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Properties
Description
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Properties
Sequence | H-Met-Ala-Pro-Arg-Gly-Phe-Ser-Cys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ser-Glu-Ile-Asp-Leu-Pro-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala-OH |
Molecular Formula | C119H204N34O32S2 |
Molecular weight | 2687.2 g/mol |
Pubchem CID | 16131438 |
CAS Number | 330936-69-1 |
Synonyms | formyl humanin,Protein Humanin (human),RNR2, mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA, MTRNR2 |
Description
Humanin Overview
Humanin is a unique naturally occurring micropeptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria possess their own exclusive DNA content. Humanin acts as a cytoprotective protein by preventing apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, through its interference with the Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax). Various forms of humanin have been discovered in mammals ranging from humans to rats, and it is highly conserved across species [1]. Research has demonstrated the significance of humanin in safeguarding neurons, cardiac tissue, muscle cells, the retinal tissue of the eye, and the endothelium lining blood vessels.
Humanin Structure
Authoritative source：Pubchem
What is Humanin?
Humanin (HN) is a mitochondrial derived uranium released by stellar glutathione cells and found in neuroglyphic cells in the brain under physiological conditions. Its structure contains a triangular α spiral and is asymmetric. In in vitro and animal models, it appears to have a cellular protective effect. Carnitine is a small mitochondria derivative that is still under study and has many potential therapeutic applications for a variety of age-related diseases. It plays an important role in the body’s fight against various pathological and physiological conditions.
Aging is the cellular aging process of all multicellular organisms.It is characterized by a decrease in cellular function and proliferation, leading to increased cell damage and death. These conditions play an important role in the aging process and significantly contribute to the occurrence of age-related complications. Carnitine is a mitochondrial derived peptide (MDP), encoded by fibrous DNA, which plays a protective role in cells,inducing fibrosis function and cell vitality under stress and aging conditions.
Humanin is a phosphorus derivative of magnesium that has a cell-protecting effect in many tissues.The administration of Humanin analogues has been proposed as a treatment for degenerative diseases. Although Humanin has been shown to protect normal tissues from the effects of chemotherapy, its role in tumor pathogenesis mechanisms is unclear.
Humanin’s mechanism of action
Aging is a metabolic process manifested by a loss of cellular stability, increased susceptibility to chronic diseases, and changes in resilience. In addition, it is also influenced by dietary, genetic,and pharmacological interventions, leading to metabolic, immune,and inflammatory restructuring, during which phosphorus metabolism plays an important role.
Fibromyalgia-nuclear communication has always been considered the key to healthy aging and is mediated by core-coding proteins, instantaneous molecules, and fibromatic metabolites; now, mitochondrial derived peptide (MDP) is also a key player by interacting with stress-sensitive transcript factors Thyroids are the source of the cell’s drive and beating heart, and thyroid dysfunction is associated with many age-related diseases. Its cause or simple related role is still unclear. Thus, in the past decade, phosphorous-derived magnesium and micronutrients have attracted interest from many researchers, mainly because they regulate phosphatic toxicity, which is linked to longevity.
Carnitine (HN) is a short carnitine composed of 21 or 24 amino acids (depending on phylum or cellulose translation respectively), which was discovered in 2001 by Nishimoto Laboratory in the screening of neurotransmitters that the carnitin can inhibit the death of cells induced by pathological β-amino acid mutants in Alzheimer’s disease. It is one of nine (and the first to be discovered) MDPs, each of which has been shown to have a variety of cell protection or metabolic protection properties, encoded by a short ORF (open reading box) sequence located within the 16S nucleoside RNA gene MTRNR2.
Humanin & Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the source of cell propulsion, and many cell deaths are carried out through the granulomas, so it is said that they play a crucial role in the process of internal cell death caused by cell damage. In addition, mitochondria are also the largest producers of free radicals, which are the main source of cellular oxidative stress. As a result, dysfunctional mitochondria can cause age-related diseases.Studies have shown that modifications in mitochondria genes can prolong the lives of organisms.
Humanin is an ancient gradient signal and is also the first member of the mitochondrial derived peptides (MDPs) .[4] Humanin can prevent many of the toxic effects caused by mitochondria. Each MDP has been shown to have a variety of cell protection or metabolic protection functions. So far, humanin has been identified in various tissue expressions in various organs (including the heart, kidneys, liver, testicles, skeletal muscles, and brain), and it plays an increasing role in preventing many age-related diseases, with a variety of beneficial symptoms becoming increasingly apparent.
Benefits of Humanin
1.Protect nerves.
Humanin has been shown to be neuroprotective, which may make it a promising drug candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
2.Anti-aging.
Mitochondrial toxicity is related to lifespan. MDP can cause a variety of cellular effects. Humanin is one of nine MDPs, which can effectively anti-aging.
3.Anti-inflammatory.
It can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which interfere with the development of cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases.
4.Maintain the normal function of mitochondria.
Mitochondrial dysfunction can contribute to many health problems, including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity.
5.Potential treatment of diabetes.
It has been shown to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in animal models. Treating mice with Humanin extended their lifespan and health span.
6.Reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
The researchers found that Alzheimer’s patients had much lower levels of Humanin and higher levels of humanin, which protects against other mutated genes that cause inherited AD, in samples of cord blood from newborns.
7.Reduce the stress of ischemia and reperfusion.
Stroke, myocardial infarction, etc. can cause many different stresses, such as oxidative stress, hypoxia, etc., and Humanin helps to reduce the stress response caused by ischemia and reperfusion.
8.Assist in the treatment of cancer.
This peptide helps slow or stop tumor growth and prevent cancer from spreading.
9.Hair growth.
Humanin has been shown to promote hair growth by stimulating endothelial growth factor in blood vessels.
10.Fight obesity and weight gain.
Humanin may prevent weight gain by increasing glucose-stimulated insulin release and reducing body weight gain and visceral fat.
11.Protect your eyes.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is retinal degeneration caused by oxidative stress, leading to irreversible vision loss. Humanin prevents AMD as it prevents oxidative stress and cell death in RPE and ER by increasing mitochondrial GSH levels and reducing ROS, Caspase 3 and Caspase 4 levels.
12.Prevent sunburn.
Humanin protects against sunburn by preventing cell death induced by UV rays.
13.Relieve anxiety.
Humanin prevents memory impairment caused by diazepam and acts as an anxiolytic.
14.Protect the male reproductive system.
Humanin exists in all stages of testicular development and can prevent testicular and sperm cell death.
15.Protect the colon.
The experimental results of ulcerative colitis show that Humanin can prevent colitis and reduce body weight.
16.Protect the vascular system.
Humanin can effectively prevent atherosclerosis.
Cytoprotective effect of humanin on lens epithelial cells oxidative stress injury
Lens epithelial cell damage and apoptosis caused by oxidative stress are early manifestations of cataract in old age. Humanin is a mitochondria-related peptide that plays a role in protecting cells. When Humanin is knocked down or overexpressed, cells undergo apoptosis or autophagy under oxidative stress conditions. Studies have shown that Humanin may be involved in the response of lens epithelial cells to oxidative stress, and the expression of Humanin is significantly increased under the condition of oxidative stress.
In addition, exogenous Humanin can reduce the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage, thereby enhancing the production of mitochondrial synthesis. The endogenous Humanin lost its protective effect on this cell. Studies have shown that Humanin can increase mitophagy, thereby reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species under oxidative stress, which indicates that Humanin has a potential mechanism of anti-oxidative damage and apoptosis under oxidative stress.
In conclusion, Humanin may be a potential therapeutic target for cataracts due to its remarkable protective effect on lens epithelial cells under oxidative stress. Therefore, further studies are needed to study its role in the occurrence and development of cataracts.
Humanin and Insulin
Declining insulin action is also a metabolic hallmark of aging and has been linked to the development of age-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease, according to research. Humanin is a novel mitochondria-related peptide with neuroprotective effects. Given its role in AD, researchers investigated whether Humanin affects insulin sensitivity.
The findings show that Humanin can significantly improve overall insulin sensitivity. The central action of Humanin on insulin is related to the hypothalamus. Activation of STAT-3 signaling in the hypothalamus counteracts this effect by acting as a co-inhibition, which completely counteracts the effect of Humanin analogue injection on the liver, effectively enhancing overall insulin sensitivity.
Humanin for sale/Humanin supplier
As a derivative polypeptide, Humanin can play a vital role in the anti-aging process of the human body. It can effectively fight aging, inhibit apoptosis, protect nerve cells, and prevent heart disease and retinal diseases. Humanin also has a potential mechanism for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Further research is needed to fully demonstrate and understand the mechanism of its operation. Researchers who need to study humanin want to be able to ensure a steady supply of peptides from reliable suppliers.lf you’re looking to buying Humanin online, it is essential to exercise caution and ensure that you obtain the peptide from a reputable and trustworthy manufacuturer. peptide.ltd is a highly reliable manufacturer that offers pharmaceutical grade peptides.
How to increase Humanin?
Lifestyle/diet
- Exercise — Increase Humanin in Bones Through Resistance Training
- Eating – can inhibit IGF1 levels while increasing Humanin
- Hyperbaric Chamber – Improve Humanin by increasing hyperoxia
Supplements
- B vitamins
- zinc
Peptide Drugs
- Humanin
Notice
- Humanin is a group representing putative mitochondria-derived peptides
- Humanin exists in plasma, is secreted by cells, and binds to cell membranes
- Humanin is a ligand for two different types of receptors
- Humanin peptide has a cytoprotective effect, can improve insulin and Alzheimer’s disease
Manufacturers/Factory
Humanin peptide is a secreted mitochondrial-encoded peptide that is present in many tissues with high metabolic rates and has neuroprotective effects, but its expression decreases with age. Brain Humanin is a member of mitochondria-derived peptides and is a small mitochondria-derived peptide.
Humanin plays an important role in the body’s fight against many pathophysiological conditions. Humanin is used in treatments aimed at combating a variety of diseases associated with aging, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Aging is not only associated with the decline of organ and tissue function; it is also associated with the occurrence of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer,and diabetes. Senescent cells,in particular,produce inflammatory cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules. Humanin, on the other hand, is in contrast to the development of these diseases and may play a role in them by promoting the death of damaged or dysfunctional cells and causing the inflammation normally associated with them.
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Coa & HNMR
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It depends, different products with different policy, please check it with our customer service. Most of products can be accepted for sample.
Can I Appoint The Humanin Colour When Buy Humanin?
YES! peptide.ltd as peptide manufacturer, provide colour customization of Humanin, easy to help you to build your Humanin peptide brand.
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YES! As one of the best Humanin manufacturer, peptide.ltd not only provide the standard specification of Humanin in 5mg, 10mg, but support standard customization. Provide the best support to build your own Humanin brand.
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YES! Humanin powder is the base that use for Humanin lyophilized powder manufacture. peptide.ltd provide Humanin in both of pure powder form and semi-finished vial form.
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YES! Our factory produce high quality Humanin powder in term and keep Humanin powder in stock. You can buy high quality Humanin powder in bulk. During promotion sale, you can buy Humanin peptide by lower price. You can keep touch with our customer manager and they will update the latest bulk Humanin price for you in time.
FAQ
Q: Why does Humanin decrease?
A: Humanin will decrease due to aging, changes in GH or IGF1, H2O2, TRIM11, VSTM2L, etc.
Q: What is the function of Humanin?
A: Humanin removes the effect of cytoprotection, and can also prevent oxidative stress, atherosclerotic plaque formation and heart attack.
Q: What is the mitochondria-derived peptide Humanin?
A: Humanin is a secreted mitochondrial-encoded peptide with cytoprotective effects.
Q: Is Humanin a regulator of healthy lifespan?
A: In many studies, there is a correlation between humanin levels and diseases. Throughout the life cycle, humanin levels have been shown to decline with age. Thus, Humanin is a regulator of longevity.
Q: How to repair mitochondria naturally to resist aging?
A: Mitochondria can be repaired by adjusting diet and sleep habits, and some Humanin can also be taken appropriately.
Q: Which foods will cause harm to Humanin?
A: Some dairy products, processed meats containing nitrates, and sweet foods can cause some damage to Humanin.
Q: What can cause mitochondrial aging?
A: The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and the increased production of reactive oxygen species damage cellular macromolecules, leading to mitochondrial aging.
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Humanin Peptide Dosage Calculator
Referenced Citations
[1]Hashimoto Y, Niikura T, Tajima H, Yasukawa T, Sudo H, Ito Y, Kita Y, Kawasumi M, Kouyama K, Doyu M, Sobue G, Koide T, Tsuji S, Lang J, Kurokawa K, Nishimoto I (May 2001). “A rescue factor abolishing neuronal cell death by a wide spectrum of familial Alzheimer’s disease genes and Abeta”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6336–41. Bibcode:2001PNAS…98.6336H. doi:10.1073/pnas.101133498. PMC 33469. PMID 11371646.
[2]^ Bodzioch M, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Zapala B, Kamysz W, Kiec-Wilk B, Dembinska-Kiec A (October 2009). “Evidence for potential functionality of nuclearly-encoded humanin isoforms”. Genomics. 94 (4): 247–56. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.05.006. PMID 19477263.
[3]^ Jump up to:a b Benaki D, Zikos C, Evangelou A, Livaniou E, Vlassi M, Mikros E, Pelecanou M (April 2005). “Solution structure of humanin, a peptide against Alzheimer’s disease-related neurotoxicity”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 329 (1): 152–60. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.100. PMID 15721287. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
[4]^ Jump up to:a b c Yen K, Lee C, Mehta H, Cohen P (February 2013) [2013]. “The emerging role of the mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin in stress resistance”. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (published Feb 2013). 50 (1): R11-9. doi:10.1530/JME-12-0203. PMC 3705736. PMID 23239898.
[5]^ Jump up to:a b c Guo B, Zhai D, Cabezas E, Welsh K, Nouraini S, Satterthwait AC, Reed JC (May 2003). “Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation”. Nature. 423 (6938): 456–61. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..456G. doi:10.1038/nature01627. PMID 12732850. S2CID 4423176.
[6]^ Jump up to:a b c d e Caricasole A, Bruno V, Cappuccio I, Melchiorri D, Copani A, Nicoletti F (August 2002) [2002]. “A novel rat gene encoding a Humanin-like peptide endowed with broad neuroprotective activity”. FASEB Journal. 16 (10): 1331–3. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0018fje. PMID 12154011. S2CID 31415552.
[7]^ Kim, J; Choi, JW; Namkung, J (31 January 2021). “Expression Profile of Mouse Gm20594, Nuclear-Encoded Humanin-Like Gene”. Journal of lifestyle medicine. 11 (1): 13–22. doi:10.15280/jlm.2021.11.1.13. PMID 33763338.
[8]Yen K, Lee C, Mehta H, Cohen P (February 2013). “The emerging role of the mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin in stress resistance”. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology. 50 (1): R11-9. doi:10.1530/JME-12-0203. PMC 3705736. PMID 23239898.
[9]^ Tajima H, Kawasumi M, Chiba T, Yamada M, Yamashita K, Nawa M, Kita Y, Kouyama K, Aiso S, Matsuoka M, Niikura T, Nishimoto I (March 2005). “A humanin derivative, S14G-HN, prevents amyloid-beta-induced memory impairment in mice”. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 79 (5): 714–23. doi:10.1002/jnr.20391. PMID 15678515. S2CID 25194143.
[10]^ Hashimoto Y, Niikura T, Ito Y, Sudo H, Hata M, Arakawa E, Abe Y, Kita Y, Nishimoto I (December 2001). “Detailed characterization of neuroprotection by a rescue factor humanin against various Alzheimer’s disease-relevant insults”. The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 (23): 9235–45. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09235.2001. PMC 6763898. PMID 11717357.
[11]^ Kariya S, Hirano M, Nagai Y, Furiya Y, Fujikake N, Toda T, Ueno S (2005). “Humanin attenuates apoptosis induced by DRPLA proteins with expanded polyglutamine stretches”. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 25 (2): 165–9. doi:10.1385/JMN:25:2:165. PMID 15784964. S2CID 23766205.
[12]^ Sponne I, Fifre A, Koziel V, Kriem B, Oster T, Pillot T (January 2004). “Humanin rescues cortical neurons from prion-peptide-induced apoptosis”. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 25 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2003.09.017. PMID 14962743. S2CID 20276062.
[13]^ Xu X, Chua CC, Gao J, Hamdy RC, Chua BH (October 2006). “Humanin is a novel neuroprotective agent against stroke”. Stroke. 37 (10): 2613–9. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000242772.94277.1f. PMID 16960089.
[14]^ Bachar AR, Scheffer L, Schroeder AS, Nakamura HK, Cobb LJ, Oh YK, Lerman LO, Pagano RE, Cohen P, Lerman A (November 2010). “Humanin is expressed in human vascular walls and has a cytoprotective effect against oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress”. Cardiovascular Research. 88 (2): 360–6. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq191. PMC 2952532. PMID 20562421.
[15]^ Oh YK, Bachar AR, Zacharias DG, Kim SG, Wan J, Cobb LJ, Lerman LO, Cohen P, Lerman A (November 2011). “Humanin preserves endothelial function and prevents atherosclerotic plaque progression in hypercholesterolemic ApoE deficient mice”. Atherosclerosis. 219 (1): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.038. PMC 3885346. PMID 21763658.
[16]^ Zacharias DG, Kim SG, Massat AE, Bachar AR, Oh YK, Herrmann J, Rodriguez-Porcel M, Cohen P, Lerman LO, Lerman A (2012). Westermark P (ed.). “Humanin, a cytoprotective peptide, is expressed in carotid atherosclerotic [corrected] plaques in humans”. PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31065. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…731065Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031065. PMC 3273477. PMID 22328926.
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king’s college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
University of Firat, Department of Biophysics, Elazig, Turkey
Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People’s Republic of China
Department of Physiology, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
The Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
In no way does this doctor/scientist endorse or advocate the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. peptide.ltd has no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, with this physician. The purpose of citing this doctor is to acknowledge, acknowledge and commend the exhaustive research and development work done by the scientists working on this peptide.
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king's college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
Stephen C. Bain
Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
In no way does this doctor/scientist endorse or advocate the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. Polypeptide.ltd has no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, with this physician. The purpose of citing this doctor is to acknowledge, acknowledge and commend the exhaustive research and development work done by the scientists working on this peptide.
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