Liraglutide
Other names:Victoza, Saxenda
Liraglutide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. It is designed to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. It belongs to the class of medications known as GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics. These medications work by mimicking the activities of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone, which is routinely produced in the body in response to food consumption. Liraglutide is available as an injection beneath the skin and is marketed under the brand names Victoza and Saxenda.
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Sequence: | H-His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys(γ-Glu-palmitoyl)-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Arg-Gly-Arg-Gly-OH |
Molecular Formula: | C172H265N43O51 |
Molecular Weight: | 3751.2 g/mol |
PubChem CID: | 16134956 |
CAS Number: | 204656-20-2 |
Synonyms: | Victoza, Saxenda |
Liraglutide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Overview
GLP-1, which stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, is a naturally occurring peptide hormone that is relatively short, consisting of 30-31 amino acids. Its primary physiological function is to regulate blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin secretion. Additionally, it plays a role in protecting beta cell insulin stores by promoting insulin gene transcription and has been associated with neurotrophic effects in the brain and central nervous system. In the gastrointestinal system, GLP-1 has been shown to effectively reduce appetite by delaying gastric emptying and slowing intestinal motility. Moreover, preliminary research suggests that GLP-1 has potential impacts on various organs such as the heart, adipose tissue, muscles, bones, liver, lungs, and kidneys. [1][4][2][3]
The primary emphasis of GLP-1 research has been on its role in diabetes treatment and prevention, as well as its ability to suppress appetite. Secondary research has explored the potential cardiovascular advantages of this peptide. In more recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the potential of GLP-1 to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases. Although this field of research is relatively new, it is rapidly expanding due to the discovery that GLP-1 can slow down or prevent the buildup of amyloid beta plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
Liraglutide Structure
Authoritative source：PubChem
What is Liraglutide Peptide?
Liraglutide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It belongs to a class of drugs known as GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics. These medications work by mimicking the activities of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone, which is produced naturally in the body in response to meal intake. Liraglutide is available as an injection under the skin under several brand names, including Victoza and Saxenda.[5]
Liraglutide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 and by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015 for people with a BMI of 30 or higher (obesity) or a BMI of 27 or higher (overweight) who had at least one weight-related disorder.
Liraglutide Peptide for Weight Loss
Liraglutide regularly demonstrates its efficacy in causing significant and meaningful weight loss, as evidenced by strong clinical trials. Its effectiveness is enhanced when combined with a comprehensive weight loss strategy that includes a low-calorie diet and increased physical exercise. This comprehensive approach capitalizes on Liraglutide’s ability to reduce weight not just initially but also sustainably over time, providing a well-rounded and long-lasting answer to weight management.
The influence of Liraglutide on critical brain areas that drive hunger is at the heart of the drug’s action. Liraglutide significantly reduces the sensation of hunger by precisely targeting these areas. Furthermore, Liraglutide works by effectively suppressing hunger and reducing food consumption, resulting in a caloric deficit—a necessary prerequisite for successful weight loss.[6][7]
Liraglutide’s appetite-suppressing abilities extend beyond acute weight reduction, proving important in both preventing weight rebound and supporting long-term weight loss maintenance. Maintaining newly acquired weight status, Liraglutide prepares individuals to manage the challenges of weight regain and foster long-term favorable outcomes.
Aside from its impressive weight-loss results, Liraglutide causes a cascade of improvements in several metabolic parameters, such as decreased blood pressure, improved cholesterol profiles, and improved blood sugar control. Liraglutide provides a approach to wellbeing by improving overall health while losing weight.
Liraglutide Peptide for Type 2 Diabetes
Liraglutide works in the type 2 diabetes by precisely mimicking the effects of a naturally occurring hormone known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). This hormone is normally released from the intestines in response to meal intake and plays an important role in delicately controlling blood sugar levels and coordinating different metabolic processes that contribute to overall metabolic balance.[8][9]
Liraglutide’s mode of action is based on activating GLP-1 receptors found in many cells throughout the body, including those found in the pancreas. This activation sets off a chain of events that results in the release of insulin from the pancreas’s specialized beta cells. This increase in insulin levels plays an important function in decreasing blood sugar levels by allowing the smooth uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the body’s cells. Furthermore, liraglutide has a secondary effect by reducing the release of glucagon, a powerful hormone that causes blood sugar levels to rise. This dynamic balance created by liraglutide’s actions on insulin and glucagon aids in keeping blood sugar levels within the normal range.
Another aspect of Liraglutide’s activity is the control of stomach emptying. Liraglutide maintains rigorous control over the rate at which nutrients, most notably glucose, are absorbed into the bloodstream after a meal by purposely slowing the process by which the stomach discharges its contents into the small intestine. This controlled rate of absorption successfully minimizes the sudden and dramatic rises in blood sugar levels that might occur after meals, contributing to more stable blood sugar regulation.
The complex interaction of these mechanisms—stimulating insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon release, and controlling stomach emptying—comprises the overall strategy that Liraglutide takes to improve the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels. This multi-pronged method is especially advantageous for those with type 2 diabetes since it improves glucose control and contributes to overall metabolic well-being improvement.[10][11]
Side Effects of Liraglutide Peptide
While Liraglutide is beneficial, it is also associated with some adverse effects. It is crucial to note that these adverse effects do not affect everyone, and their severity varies. The following are some of the most prevalent Liraglutide side effects:
- Injection pain
- Headache
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Vomiting
- Tiredness
- Dizziness
- Hypoglycemia
*Due to individual differences, not everyone will experience the above side effects, and other side effects may also occur. If side effects persist or symptoms are severe, seek medical attention promptly.
Liraglutide vs. Semaglutide
The drugs Liraglutide and Semaglutide are both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. They have some commonalities in their modes of action, medical applications, and possible advantages, but also some distinctions.[12][13]
①Weight Loss
- Semaglutide
Semaglutide has been demonstrated to be extremely helpful for weight loss. In clinical trials, greater doses of Semaglutide (2.4 mg once weekly) resulted in considerable weight loss. Over a period of months, people who took Semaglutide lost 10% to 15% of their initial body weight. As a result, Semaglutide is one of the most effective weight-loss drugs available today.
- Liraglutide
Liraglutide has also been demonstrated to aid with weight loss. Liraglutide (3 mg once daily) dosages have resulted in weight loss ranging from 5% to 10% of original body weight during a similar time-frame in clinical trials. While the weight reduction with Liraglutide is significant, it is considerably smaller when compared to the weight loss with Semaglutide.
*Data origin:jamanetwork.com
②Type 2 Diabetes
- Semaglutide
For persons with type 2 diabetes, semaglutide has shown considerable improvements in glycemic control. It improves blood sugar control by stimulating insulin secretion, decreasing glucagon synthesis, and slowing stomach emptying. Semaglutide is available in a variety of dosages, including oral and injectable formulations.
- Liraglutide
Liraglutide is also useful in improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Similar to Semaglutide, it enhances insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, and slows stomach emptying. Liraglutide is an injectable medication that has been widely used to treat diabetes.
Liraglutide For Sale | Liraglutide Supplier
Liraglutide is a drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2015. It is intended to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It belongs to the GLP-1 receptor agonists or incretin mimetics class of medicines. These drugs function by imitating the actions of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone, which is normally produced in the body in response to meal consumption. Victoza and Saxenda are two brand names for liraglutide, which is offered as an injection under the skin. There are many suppliers who claim to supply good-quality Liraglutide; nevertheless, while buying Liraglutide online, make sure to choose the supplier carefully to acquire genuine Liraglutide. peptide.ltd is a reliable Liraglutide supplier, supplying pharmaceutical grade Liraglutide and other peptide.[14][15]
Liraglutide is a medicine that belongs to a class of medications known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. It is often used to treat type 2 diabetes and, at some doses, to manage chronic weight. Liraglutide works by imitating the actions of the natural hormone GLP-1, which helps regulate blood sugar levels while also influencing digestion and appetite. If you are seeking for a professional and top peptide Liraglutide manufacturer or factory, you’ve come to the right place.
Liraglutide lowers blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes by increasing pancreatic insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels. It also has been approved at a higher dose to aid in weight loss for weight management. It reduces hunger, increases feelings of fullness, and reduces overall food consumption, all of which contribute to long-term weight loss.
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Who should avoid using Liraglutide?
People with a personal or family history of a specific type of cancer (medullary thyroid carcinoma) or a certain inherited illness (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 or MEN 2) should not take this drug.
How much weight can you lose in a month with Liraglutide?
While individual results will vary, most people who use Liraglutide as advised combined with diet and exercise changes can anticipate to lose 4 to 11 pounds on average in the first month, with bigger losses predicted for those who are most overweight to begin with.
Is hair loss a Liraglutide side effect?
No, Liraglutide should not cause hair loss as a side effect. It was not documented in the drug’s clinical trials. Weight reduction, on the other hand, has the potential to induce hair loss. This is more common if you lose weight quickly or if your diet lacks nutrition.
Is it safe to inject Liraglutide after eating?
Liraglutide, a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, can be taken at any time, regardless of mealtime. Liraglutide is injected subcutaneously into the belly, thigh, or upper arm. The injection site and timing can be adjusted without affecting the dose.
Is it safe to skip a day on Liraglutide?
If it has been more than 12 hours since your last dose of Liraglutide, omit today’s dose and begin your medication as usual the next day. If you miss a Liraglutide dose for three days or longer, consult your doctor about how to continue your medication, as the dosage may change.
What are the advantages of liraglutide?
By lowering systolic blood pressure and the glycemic index, liraglutide can help with weight loss maintenance and lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Does Liraglutide make you hungry?
These changes were related with a 12 to 27% relative reduction in energy intake during a subsequent test meal, but not with alterations in meal perceived palatability (8,10). Post-treatment hunger was reduced with liraglutide than with placebo in two short-term treatment studies (4 and 5 weeks).
What foods may you eat while taking Liraglutide?
Whole grains retain their nutritional benefits and are preferable to eating while on Liraglutide. Whole grains are high in B vitamins, complex carbs, fiber, and minerals. Because of the fiber content, they help keep blood sugar levels constant and may help you feel fuller for longer.
How quickly does Liraglutide affect appetite?
Weight reduction medicine Liraglutide should decrease your appetite from the first day. When you do eat, you will feel less hungry and more pleased!
Is it safe to use Liraglutide when trying to conceive?
If a patient desires to become pregnant or if pregnancy happens, Liraglutide therapy should be stopped. It should not be used during breast-feeding.
How long should you be off Liraglutide before pregnancy?
Liraglutide is a daily injection that has a short half-life. It is recommended to stop Liraglutide one month before trying to conceive.
Liraglutide Peptide Dosage Calculator
Referenced Citations
[1]Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, et al. (July 2016). “Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (4): 311–322.
[2]“Liraglutide injection”. DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
[3] Nathan DM, Lachin JM, Balasubramanyam A, Burch HB, Buse JB, Butera NM, et al. (September 2022). “Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes – Glycemic Outcomes”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (12): 1063–1074.
[4]Egan AG, Blind E, Dunder K, de Graeff PA, Hummer BT, Bourcier T, Rosebraugh C (February 2014). “Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs–FDA and EMA assessment”. The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (9): 794–797.
[5]Shyangdan D, Cummins E, Royle P, Waugh N (May 2011). “Liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes”. Health Technology Assessment. 15 (Suppl 1): 77–86.
[6]Beglinger C, Degen L (November 2006). “Gastrointestinal satiety signals in humans–physiologic roles for GLP-1 and PYY?”. Physiology & Behavior. 89 (4): 460–464.
[7]Singh S, Chang HY, Richards TM, Weiner JP, Clark JM, Segal JB (April 2013). “Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study”. JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (7): 534–539.
[8]“Victoza- liraglutide injection”. DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
[9]“FDA approves weight-management drug Saxenda”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
[10]American Diabetes Association (January 2022). “Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022”. Diabetes Care. 45 (Suppl 1): S1–S2.
[11]“Public Citizen to FDA: Pull Diabetes Drug Victoza From Market Immediately”. Public Citizen. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
[12]Goldstein BJ, Mueller-Wieland D (14 November 2007). Type 2 Diabetes: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-7958-1. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
[13]“Victoza (liraglutide)”. Drugs.com. May 2008.
[14]“Drug Approval Package: Saxenda Injection (Liraglutide [rDNA origin])”. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
[15]Singh S, Chang HY, Richards TM, Weiner JP, Clark JM, Segal JB (April 2013). “Glucagonlike peptide 1-based therapies and risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based matched case-control study”. JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (7): 534–539.
Liraglutide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Overview
GLP-1, which stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, is a naturally occurring peptide hormone that is relatively short, consisting of 30-31 amino acids. Its primary physiological function is to regulate blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin secretion. Additionally, it plays a role in protecting beta cell insulin stores by promoting insulin gene transcription and has been associated with neurotrophic effects in the brain and central nervous system. In the gastrointestinal system, GLP-1 has been shown to effectively reduce appetite by delaying gastric emptying and slowing intestinal motility. Moreover, preliminary research suggests that GLP-1 has potential impacts on various organs such as the heart, adipose tissue, muscles, bones, liver, lungs, and kidneys. [1][4][2][3]
The primary emphasis of GLP-1 research has been on its role in diabetes treatment and prevention, as well as its ability to suppress appetite. Secondary research has explored the potential cardiovascular advantages of this peptide. In more recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the potential of GLP-1 to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases. Although this field of research is relatively new, it is rapidly expanding due to the discovery that GLP-1 can slow down or prevent the buildup of amyloid beta plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
Liraglutide Structure
Authoritative source：PubChem
Sequence: HAEGTFTSDVSSYL EGQAALEFIATLVRGRG-0H.palmitoyI-E
Molecular Formula: C172H265N43051
Molecular Weight: 3751.24 g/mol
PubChem CID: 16134956
CAS Number: 204656-20-2
Synonyms: Liraglutide, Victoza, Saxenda, Liraglutidea, NN2211, Liragultidum
Liraglutide and GLP-1 Research
The Incretin Effect of GLP-1
According to Dr. Holst, the “incretin effect” is considered the most significant impact of GLP-1. Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones released by the GI tract, which contribute to a decrease in blood glucose levels. In rodent models, GLP-1 has been identified as one of the two key hormones (the other being GIP) that stimulate the incretin effect. While GIP circulates at approximately 10 times higher levels than GLP-1, evidence suggests that GLP-1 is the more potent molecule, especially when blood glucose levels are elevated.[3][4][5]
A GLP-1 receptor has been discovered on the surface of pancreatic beta cells, indicating that GLP-1 directly stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas. When combined with sulfonylurea drugs, GLP-1 has been found to enhance insulin secretion to the extent that it can cause mild hypoglycemia in up to 40% of individuals. Increased insulin secretion is associated with various beneficial effects, such as elevated protein synthesis, reduced protein breakdown, and enhanced uptake of amino acids by skeletal muscle.
GLP-1 and Beta Cell Protection
Research conducted on animal models indicates that GLP-1 has the potential to stimulate the growth and replication of pancreatic beta cells. Additionally, it has been found to promote the differentiation of new beta cells from progenitor cells in the epithelium of the pancreatic duct. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 can inhibit apoptosis (cell death) of beta cells. Collectively, these effects shift the balance between beta cell growth and death towards growth, suggesting that the peptide could be beneficial in diabetes treatment and in safeguarding the pancreas against factors that harm beta cells.
In a particularly compelling trial, it was demonstrated that GLP-1 can prevent the death of beta cells induced by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Mouse models of type 1 diabetes have shown that GLP-1 protects islet cells from destruction and may serve as a valuable approach to preventing the onset of type 1 diabetes.
GLP-1 and Appetite
Research conducted in mouse models indicates that the administration of GLP-1 and its similar counterpart, GLP-1, directly into the brains of mice can decrease the urge to eat and suppress food intake. It appears that GLP-1 may enhance the sensation of satiety, leading to a feeling of fullness and indirectly reducing hunger. Recent clinical studies in mice have demonstrated that twice-daily administration of GLP-1 receptor agonists results in gradual and consistent weight loss. Over an extended period, this weight loss is associated with significant improvements in cardiovascular risk factors and a decrease in hemoglobin A1C levels. The latter serves as a proxy marker for the severity of diabetes and the effectiveness of blood sugar control achieved through treatment.
Potential Cardiovascular Benefits of GLP-1
It is now known that GLP-1 receptors are distributed throughout the heart and contribute to the improvement of cardiac function in specific conditions. They achieve this by increasing heart rate and reducing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.[2][3] Although the reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure may not appear significant, it is associated with the prevention of left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac remodeling, and ultimately heart failure.
Recent evidence has suggested that GLP-1 could play a role in reducing the overall damage caused by a heart attack. It seems that the peptide enhances the uptake of glucose by cardiac muscles, thereby assisting ischemic heart muscle cells in receiving the necessary nutrition to sustain their function and avoid programmed cell death. Interestingly, the increase in glucose uptake in these cells appears to occur independently of insulin.
Large infusions of GLP-1 in dogs have demonstrated improved left ventricular (LV) performance and reduced systemic vascular resistance. The latter effect can contribute to the reduction of blood pressure and alleviate strain on the heart. Consequently, this can help mitigate the long-term consequences associated with high blood pressure, such as LV remodeling, vascular thickening, and heart failure. According to Dr. Holst, the administration of GLP-1 following cardiac injury has consistently resulted in increased myocardial performance in both experimental animal models and patients.
Size of damage in heart in control mice (A), mice given standard vasopressin therapy (B), and mice give GLP-1 (C).
Authoritative source：Diabetes Journal
GLP-1 and the Brain
There is evidence suggesting that GLP-1 can enhance learning abilities and provide neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. One study demonstrated that GLP-1 improved associative and spatial learning in mice, and even ameliorated learning deficits in mice with specific gene defects. Rats that overexpress the GLP-1 receptor in specific brain regions also exhibit significantly improved learning and memory compared to normal controls.
Further studies in mice have demonstrated that GLP-1 can provide neuroprotection against excitotoxic damage to neurons, effectively preventing glutamate-induced apoptosis in rat models of neurodegeneration. Moreover, GLP-1 has been found to promote neurite outgrowth in cultured cells. Researchers are optimistic that continued investigation into GLP-1 will uncover its potential in halting or even reversing certain neurodegenerative conditions.
Interestingly, in mouse models, both GLP-1 and its analogue exendin-4 have demonstrated the ability to reduce the levels of amyloid-beta in the brain, as well as the beta-amyloid precursor protein present in neurons. Amyloid beta is the primary component of the plaques observed in Alzheimer’s disease, which, although not confirmed as a direct cause, is associated with the severity of the condition. While it remains to be determined if preventing the accumulation of amyloid beta can effectively protect against the effects of Alzheimer’s disease, this research provides a promising lead in understanding how scientists may potentially intervene in the progression from mild cognitive impairment to full-blown Alzheimer’s disease.
GLP-1 demonstrates minimal to moderate side effects and has low oral bioavailability, but it exhibits excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice.[1][7][2] It is important to note that the dosage per kilogram in mice does not directly translate to humans. GLP-1 available for purchase at Peptide Sciences is restricted to educational and scientific research purposes only and should not be consumed by humans. It is advised to purchase GLP-1 only if you are a licensed researcher.
Referenced Citations
[1] “The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 | Physiological Reviews.” [Online].
[2] “Combined treatment with lisofylline and exendin-4 reverses autoimmune diabetes. – PubMed – NCBI.” [Online].
[3] “The proglucagon-derived peptide, glucagon-like peptide-2, is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. – PubMed – NCBI.” [Online].
[4] “Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with… – PubMed – NCBI.” [Online].
[5] “Cardiac function in mice lacking the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. – PubMed – NCBI.” [Online].
[6] “Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Can Directly Protect the Heart Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury | Diabetes.” [Online].
[7] Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:260. Published 2019 Apr 26. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00260 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6497767/
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king’s college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
1.Jeongmin Lee
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea,the Republic of Korea
2.Joana Nicolau
Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
3.Gehad Sharaf
Pharmacist at Nasr Hospital Health Insurance, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
4.Mi Kyoung Seo
Paik Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
5.Martina Yaneva MD
Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
6.Seokjae Park
Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Author of this article:
Dr. Jean Zeng graduated from king's college london Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine.
Scientific Journal paper Author:
Stephen C. Bain
Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
In no way does this doctor/scientist endorse or advocate the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. Polypeptide.ltd has no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, with this physician. The purpose of citing this doctor is to acknowledge, acknowledge and commend the exhaustive research and development work done by the scientists working on this peptide.
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